Cheating and Plagiarism - Avoiding Plagiarism :: Journalistic Essays

Avoiding Plagiarism For a number of years now, I have been concerned about the growing amount of plagiarism on the Internet. As self-publishing on the web becomes increasingly common, the incidences of theft of intellectual property, whether intentional or unintentional have grown astronomically. As a writer , I find this situation intolerable. Intellectual theft is still theft. It harms everyone involved, the original authors, the audience, and the plagiarizer. As members of a spiritual community, we believe that all our actions will be returned up us three fold, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. Certainly intellectual theft, intentional or unintentional has its own return.   After so many attempts at trying to inform people of problems on their websites regarding the improper citation , I decided that perhaps the best approach is to document what constitutes plagiarism and to provide to people who are sincere in presenting information   in an intellectually and spiritually honest manner, with some guidelines for proper citation of sources.    First of all plagiarism is derived from the Latin word, plagi rius, meaning to kidnap (American Heritage ® Dictionary). This implies that plagiarism is in fact the kidnapping of ideas; an interesting concept since kidnapping implies that the idea could be seized and held for some kind of intellectual ransom. The dictionary is more explicit about its meaning:   1. To use and pass off (the ideas or writings of another) as one's own. 2. To appropriate for use as one's own passages or ideas from (another). (American Heritage ® Dictionary) Plagiarizing is to give the impression that the words written or the ideas presented are in fact your own. The MLA Style Manual, the definitive guide for scholarly publishing used as a bible in colleges and graduate schools defines plagiarism as any not acknowledging another’s ideas and wording, either through direct buy undocumented quotes or through paraphrasing (151). They further reflect: Plagiarism is a moral and ethical offense rather than a legal one. Most instances of plagiarism fall outside the scope of copyright infringement, a legal offense.

Lord of the Flies - Savagery Essay -- English Literature Essays

Lord of the Flies - Savagery â€Å"There are too many people, and too few human beings.† (Robert Zend) Even though there are many people on this planet, there are very few civilized people. Most of them are naturally savaged. In the book, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, boys are stranded on an island far away, with no connections to the adult world. These children, having no rules, or civilization, have their true nature exposed. Not surprisingly, these children’s nature happens to be savagery. Savagery can clearly be identified in humans when there are no rules, when the right situation arouses, and finally when there is no civilization around us. Without rules, savagery takes over. Without rules, man is free to do whatever he desires. Meaning, their true nature will be exposed. That nature is surely savagery. For example, when you watch little kids, you tend to notice that if one has a toy, the other will start a fight just to get a toy. Since the kids don’t know the difference between rights and wrong, they’re just expressing themselves naturally, which happens to be savagery. Here is a quote from Golding from chapter 4 of his book that proves that rules are the basis to civilization. â€Å"Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and scho...

Essay --

Tiffany Rivera Prior to 1860 there was great sectionalism in the United States between the northern and southern states. The Southern states and Northern states were always in competition for power. Various compromises were proposed by the opposing sides but eventually failed. The Civil War, election of President Lincoln and Reconstruction Era caused great change in the US. Constitutional developments such as the Emancipation Proclamation, three civil rights bills, and the Reconstruction Era impacted the lives on freedmen. Social developments such as the Freedmen's Bureau, the Black Codes, and the Ku Klux Klan were also revolutionary especially to the lives of the freedmen. One may say the election of President Lincoln was revolutionary. When the southern states realized their insignificance in terms of political power compared to the northern states, the southern states seceded from the union. South Carolina believed they had the constitutional right to secede from the Union because it was not stated in the Constitution it was illegal to do so and should be left to state power. (Doc A) The southern states also feared that if the North gained enough power they would abolish slavery completely. The fear of the northern states becoming too powerful and failure of compromise between the northern and southern states had led to the Civil War. An outcome of this conflict would be the Emancipation Proclamation, 13th-15th Amendments, and the abolition of slavery in the South. This angered southerners since it endangered their Agrarian economy through the use of slavery. Another outcome would be President Lincoln adding an amendment which made it illegal for a ny state to secede from the Union, helping preserve the Union of the nation af... ...articipation in government politically. (Doc. G) This was due to the passing of the three civil rights bills. During the Reconstruction Era, blacks were also offered education, which increased opportunity for the blacks. Some whites from the south disliked the Klu Klux Klan Act and felt that it gave the federal government too much power. (Doc H) The Force Acts were however essential during this time. Thomas Nast shows that the Klu Klux Klan was endangering the lives of the former slaves. (Doc I) All of these events greatly impacted the lives of the freedmen of the nation. This also affected the nation as a whole in terms of rights and power and in many ways strengthened the federal government. During the years 1860-1877, many constitutional and social developments were revolutionary. This changed the nation as a whole including the lives of the freedmen and whites.

Quiz Essay Questions Economics

CHAPTER 12 Fiscal Policy A. Short-Answer, Essays, and Problems 1. Give a brief definition of fiscal policy? What are its economic goals? 2. What is the Council of Economic Advisers? 3. â€Å"The Employment Act of 1946 is no more than a vague and ill-defined commitment by the Federal government to assist in the achievement of full employment. † Do you agree? Explain. 4. Explain the effect of a discretionary cut in taxes of $40 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75.By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? How does this discretionary fiscal policy differ from a discretionary increase in government spending of $40 billion? 5. Explain the effect of a discretionary increase in government spending of $50 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? . Explain the aspects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy. During which phases of the business cycle would each be appropriate? 7. Differentiate between discretionary fiscal policy and nondiscretionary or built-in stabilization policy. 8. Describe two ways the Federal government can finance a deficit and explain which would have the more expansionary effect. 9. Describe two ways the Federal government could retire debt in the event of a budget surplus and explain which would have the most contractionary impact. 10. What is the anti-inflationary or contractionary effect of a budget surplus? 11.Explain how a small budget surplus could actually be somewhat expansionary rather than contractionary. 197 Chapter 12 New 12. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Increasing government spending is preferred to a cut in taxes when the U. S. government seeks to fight a recession. † 13. Explain what is meant by a built-in stabilizer and give two examples. 14. â€Å"The more progressive a tax system, the greater is the economy’s built-in stability. † Explain this statement for both recessionary and peak phases of the business cycle. 15. Explain how the below graph illustrates the built-in stability of a progressive tax structure. 6. In Year 1, the full-employment budget showed a deficit of about $100 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion one year. In Year 2, the full employment budget showed a deficit of about $125 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion. Based on these data, what can be concluded about the direction of fiscal policy? 17. What is the difference between the actual deficit, the full-employment deficit, and the cyclical deficit? 18. What does the â€Å"full-employment budget† measure and of what significance is this co ncept? 19.Complete the table below by stating whether the direction of discretionary fiscal policy was contractionary (C), expansionary (E), or neither (N), given the hypothetical budget data for an economy. 198 Fiscal Policy (2) (3) Actual budget deficit (–) or Full-employment budget Yearsurplus (+)deficit (–) or surplus (+) fiscal policy 1 2 3 4 5 6 – 3. 9% – 4. 5 – 4. 7 – 3. 9 – 2. 9 – 2. 2 – 2. 1% – 2. 6 – 3. 0 – 2. 6 – 2. 0 – 1. 9 (1) (4) Direction of _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 20. In what fundamental way do the spending-taxation decisions of government differ from the consumption-saving plans of households?Why is this difference significant? New 21. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Discretionary fiscal policy offers an ideal approach to dealing with the nation’s economic problems. It is without problems, criticisms, or complications. † New 22. Explain the six probl ems, criticisms, or complications that arise in the implementation of fiscal policy. New 23. Explain the problems giving rise to this statement: â€Å"You would think the government would want to do something to improve economic conditions when the economy is in trouble, but the government is slow to act. New 24. How do expectations about the future by households and businesses affect the effectiveness of fiscal policy? Cite examples. 25. â€Å"If economic forecasting was a more exact science, the business cycle could be entirely corrected by fiscal measures. † Do you agree? 26. Explain the crowding-out effect. 27. Using the below graph, illustrate the possible impact of a crowding-out effect of a fiscal policy by drawing in the relevant aggregate demand shifts. Label and explain any shifts in the demand curve shown. 199 Chapter 12 28.Explain how the net-export effect would reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy. New 29. What fiscal policy is most likely to be invoked dur ing a period of recession and high unemployment? A period of rapid inflation? What political, investment, and international problems might the U. S. Congress encounter in enacting these policies and putting them into effect? 30. (Last Word) What is the purpose of the Conference Board’s index of leading economic indicators? 31. (Last Word) Why is the index of leading economic indicators a composite index of ten economic statistics and not just one? 00 Fiscal Policy B. Answers to Short-Answer, Essays, and Problems 1. Give a brief definition of fiscal policy? What are its economic goals? Fiscal policy is the use of the federal budget to achieve full employment, control inflation, and stimulate economic growth. The changes to the federal budget can be made through increases or decreases in government spending or through increases or decreases in tax revenues. [text: E p. 214; MA p. 214]. 2. What is the Council of Economic Advisers?The Council of Economic Advisors is responsible f or assisting and advising the president on economic affairs. One of its principal responsibilities is to prepare an annual report for the president that is submitted to Congress that describes the state of the economy and recommends economic policies to achieve full employment, control inflation, and encourage economic growth. [text: E pp. 214-215; MA pp. 214-215]. 3. â€Å"The Employment Act of 1946 is no more than a vague and ill-defined commitment by the Federal government to assist in the achievement of full employment. Do you agree? Explain. To agree with this statement does not diminish the importance of the Employment Act of 1946. The Constitution has also been called vague and ill-defined, but that does not diminish its importance. This act committed the Federal government to following policies which would attempt to stabilize prices and promote full employment and established the CEA and JEC to assist in this task. While specific policies were not outlined, the intention o f the act is clear it is a responsibility of the Federal government to assist in this effort.That had not been an explicit on-going policy before 1946. [text: E p. 214; MA p. 214] 4. Explain the effect of a discretionary cut in taxes of $40 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? How does this discretionary fiscal policy differ from a discretionary increase in government spending of $40 billion? If MPC is . 75, the multiplier is 4.A tax cut of $40 billion will result in initial increase in consumption of $30 billion (. 75 ? $40 billion). This initial increase in spending will ultimately result in an increase in consumption spending of $120 billion because of the multiplier process. In contrast, an initial increase in government spending of $40 billion will ultima tely increase consumer spending by $160 billion (4 ? $40) because none of the initial increase is siphoned off as savings as would be the case with a $40 billion tax cut. [text: E pp. 215-216; MA pp. 215-216] 5.Explain the effect of a discretionary increase in government spending of $50 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? If MPC is . 75, the multiplier is 4. An initial increase of $50 billion government spending will result in a total increase in output of $200 billion. [text: E pp. 215-216; MA pp. 215-216] 6. Explain the aspects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy.During which phases of the business cycle would each be appropriate? 201 Chapter 12 Expansionary fiscal policy refers to increases in government spending or decreases in taxes or both, so that the net effect on aggregate demand is an increase in net government spending. Contractionary fiscal policy is the opposite: an increase in taxes or decrease in government spending or both, so that the net effect on aggregate demand is a decrease in net government spending. Expansionary policy would most likely be used during a recession (or trough) phase.A contractionary policy would most likely be employed near the peak of the business cycle as the economy reaches full-employment GDP and the potential for inflation accelerates. [text: E pp. 215-217; MA pp. 215-217] 7. Differentiate between discretionary fiscal policy and nondiscretionary or built-in stabilization policy. Discretionary fiscal policy is the deliberate manipulation of taxes and government spending by the Congress to alter real domestic output and employment, to control inflation, and to stimulate economic growth during a particular period of time.Nondiscretionary fiscal policy, on the other hand, is the chang e in government expenditures or taxes which occurs automatically as a result of existing laws. In particular, personal income taxes have progressive rates and will slow spending and inflation as GDP expands; when GDP declines, taxes will decrease by a more than proportionate amount allowing incomes and spending to decline at a slower rate than GDP. There are also many transfer payment programs which become effective when incomes decline or unemployment occurs to reduce the decline in disposable income.Conversely, these programs automatically are reduced when the economy expands and unemployment declines and spending increases. [text: E pp. 215, 219-220; MA pp. 215, 219-220] 8. Describe two ways the Federal government can finance a deficit and explain which would have the more expansionary effect. The government can borrow money from the private sector in which case it will be competing with private business borrowers for funds. If planned investment spending is â€Å"crowded out,â €  the impact of expansionary deficits will be offset by the decline in investment spending.The government can also finance a deficit by issuing new money which essentially means that the Federal Reserve has financed the deficit. This type of financing would be more expansionary than borrowing from the private sector. [text: E pp. 217-218; MA pp. 217-218] 9. Describe two ways the Federal government could retire debt in the event of a budget surplus and explain which would have the most contractionary impact. The government could use a budget surplus to pay off existing debt which would â€Å"recycle† funds back into the economy and potentially offset the decline in government spending.Alternatively, the government could impound the surplus funds, or allow them to stand idle, which means these funds are not injected into the economy and would have a more contractionary effect than the first alternative. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] 10. What is the anti-inflationary or contra ctionary effect of a budget surplus? The anti-inflation effect of a budget surplus depends on what the government does with the surplus. The budget surpluses may be used for debt reduction. In this case, bonds 202 Fiscal Policy are bought back by the government and money is pumped back into the economy.Interest rate will tend to fall, and this may increase consumer and investment spending, thus offsetting some of the contractionary effect of the budget surplus. The government may also impound funds (not spend them). This action will be more contractionary because it actually removes spending from the economy that would have been spent otherwise. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] 11. Explain how a small budget surplus could actually be somewhat expansionary rather than contractionary. This could be the unlikely result of what the government decides to do with the surplus.If it is used to retire existing debt, then the surplus is pumped right back into the economy and with the multiplier ef fect this additional liquid wealth in the hands of individuals could lead to an increase in aggregate demand and GDP. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] New 12. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Increasing government spending is preferred to a cut in taxes when the U. S. government seeks to fight a recession. † The statement is a normative one. Either action, increased government spending or taxation, can be use to fight a recession. The policy choice will depend on the preferences of the individual.Those individuals who want to fight a recession with an increase in government spending may want to preserve the size of government in the economy and have specific government programs they would like to see funded. Those individuals who prefer a tax cut may want to reduce the size of government and give people more money and the freedom to spend it as they chose. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] 13. Explain what is meant by a built-in stabilizer and give two examples. Built-in stabilizers are changes in tax revenues or government spending which occur automatically during different phases of the business cycle.For example, the progressive income tax will dampen any expansion of aggregate demand in the recovery peak phases; and will dampen any decline in income and aggregate demand during a recession as taxes are automatically reduced by a greater proportion than the decline in personal income. There are also government spending programs which increase during recessionary periods automatically as incomes decline or are lost. The so-called â€Å"safety net† programs include unemployment compensation, welfare programs, and food stamp spending.These spending programs are automatically reduced during a recovery peak phase which would dampen aggregate demand and inflationary pressures automatically. [text: E pp. 218-219; MA pp. 218-219] 14. â€Å"The more progressive a tax system, the greater is the economy’s built-in stability. † Explain this statement for both recessionary and peak phases of the business cycle. A progressive tax would take a progressively greater proportion of rising incomes during the peak phase of the business cycle which means it would dampen spending increases and aggregate demand which, in turn, reduces inflationary pressures.On the other hand, a progressive tax would take proportionately less away from declining incomes during a recessionary phase allowing disposable income to fall less rapidly than real GDP. Therefore, aggregate demand would decline less rapidly than GDP and the magnitude of the spending decline that might occur in the absence of the tax would be reduced. [text: E pp. 219-220; MA pp. 219-220] 203 Chapter 12 15. Explain how the below graph illustrates the built-in stability of a progressive tax structure. The graph illustrates how net taxes are negative as GDP declines which will add to aggregate demand.When GDP expands, tax revenues increase which dampens aggregate demand. [text: E pp. 219-22 0; MA pp. 219-220] 16. In Year 1, the full-employment budget showed a deficit of about $100 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion one year. In Year 2, the full employment budget showed a deficit of about $125 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion. Based on these data, what can be concluded about the direction of fiscal policy? Fiscal policy was expansionary because the full-employment budget deficit increased from one year to the next.The actual deficit is composed of the full-employment portion and the cyclical portion. The full-employment portion of the actual budget deficit rose from $100 to $150 billion. The cyclical portion is determined by taking the actual deficit and subtracting the cyclical portion from it. The cyclical portion of the actual deficit fell from $50 billion to $25 billion. The actual budget deficit did not change, but it does not provide a good indication of the direction of fiscal policy. Only the full-employm ent budget tells the direction of fiscal policy. text: E pp. 220-221; MA pp. 220-221] 17. What is the difference between the actual deficit, the full-employment deficit, and the cyclical deficit? The actual budget deficit for any year consists of the full-employment and the cyclical deficit. The full-employment deficit is the difference between government expenditures and tax collections which would occur if there were full employment output. The cyclical deficit is the portion of the actual deficit that arises because the economy is in recession and is produced by this downturn in the business cycle.During a recession, a cyclical deficit often occurs because tax revenues fall as incomes fall and government expenditures increase as more is spent for government transfer payments and other programs. The cyclical deficit occurs because of the operation of these automatic stabilizers. [text: E pp. 221-222; MA pp. 221-222] 18. What does the â€Å"full-employment budget† measure an d of what significance is this concept? The full-employment budget refers to the budget deficit or surplus that would result with existing tax and spending programs if the economy were operating at full-employment.In other words, tax revenues and government spending are estimated at the level that would result if full employment existed. 204 Fiscal Policy Some economists believe that the full-employment budgetary deficit or surplus is what should determine the expansionary or contractionary nature of fiscal policy rather than the actual budgetary deficit or surplus. If the full-employment budget is not in deficit, then expansionary fiscal policy is not being followed according to this view even if the actual budget is in deficit. text: E pp. 221-222; MA pp. 221-222] 19. Complete the table below by stating whether the direction of discretionary fiscal policy was contractionary (C), expansionary (E), or neither (N), given the hypothetical budget data for an economy. (2) (3) Actual bud get deficit (–) or Full-employment budget Yearsurplus (+)deficit (–) or surplus (+) fiscal policy 1 2 3 4 5 6 – 3. 9% – 4. 5 – 4. 7 – 3. 9 – 2. 9 – 2. 2 – 2. 1% – 2. 6 – 3. 0 – 2. 6 – 2. 0 – 1. 9 (1) (4) Direction of E E C C C [text: E pp. 221-222; MA pp. 221-222] 20.In what fundamental way do the spending-taxation decisions of government differ from the consumption-saving plans of households? Why is this difference significant? The spending-taxation decisions of government are made in a political environment in which the majority must be satisfied, or satisfied enough to continue to vote for its elected representatives. Furthermore, since the government does not have a limited lifespan and always has the ability to tax, deficit-spending and debt do not have the same significance to governments that they do to individual households.Households face a much more uncertain future with regar d to their power to raise revenue (income) and therefore must plan their spending and saving to coincide with their lifetime earnings expectations. The difference is significant because so many people try to draw an analogy between government spending policies and household spending plans when it is usually not appropriate to do so. [text: E pp. 223-224; MA pp. 223-224] New 21. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Discretionary fiscal policy offers an ideal approach to dealing with the nation’s economic problems. It is without problems, criticisms, or complications. Discretionary fiscal policy does offer government policymakers potential tools (changing taxes or government spending) to use for stimulating the economy during a recession or for contracting the economy during a period of high inflation. Fiscal policy, however, is not without its problems, criticisms, or complications. First, there are timing problems in getting it implemented at the right time so it will be effectiv e. Second, there are political problems in getting it accepted because it takes time to get the actions passed through Congress and signed by the President.Third, there are expectations problems because policies may be reversed in the future. Fourth, the taxing and spending decisions of the Federal government may be partially offset by the taxing and spending decisions of state and local governments. Fifth, some economists are concerned that expansionary fiscal policy that requires the Federal government to borrow money will raise interest rates and crowd out investment spending, thus reducing 205 Chapter 12 the expansionary effect of the fiscal policy. Sixth, there are complications arising from the connection of the domestic economy to the world economy.Aggregate demand shocks from abroad or a net export effect may increase or decrease the effectiveness of a given fiscal policy. [text: E pp. 223-225; MA pp. 223-225] New 22. Explain the six problems, criticisms, or complications th at arise in the implementation of fiscal policy. First there is a timing problem. Three lags are identified under the â€Å"timing problem† category. There is a lag in recognizing the phase of the business cycle; there is an administrative lag in deciding which policies to follow; there is an operational lag in terms of the impact of the policy once it is implemented.Second, there are political considerations in the adoption of fiscal policy. There is some evidence of a political business cycle where particular expansionary policies are followed in election years whether or not economic conditions merit them. Third, there is an expectations complication. If businesses and households expect that the fiscal policy will be reversed in the future, they may not change their behavior in the way that would be expected if the fiscal policy was permanent.Fourth, the taxing and spending decisions of state and local governments may counteract or reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy decisions at the federal level. The U. S. government may enact an expansionary fiscal policy by increasing its budget deficit, but state and local governments often have to balance a budget and economic conditions may force them to adopt a contractionary policy that partially offset what the federal government is seeking to achieve.Fifth, there is concern about possible offsetting effects of government borrowing crowding out private spending that would occur in the absence of the government deficit; and an offsetting net export effect which partly counteracts expansionary policy or contractionary policy. Sixth, there are complications to domestic fiscal policy from the national economy’s connection to the world economy. Economic shock from abroad can have an effect on the nation’s imports and exports. The net export effect can reduce the intended effects of fiscal policy. text: E pp. 223-226; MA pp. 223-226] New 23. Explain the problems giving rise to this statement: â€Å"You would think the government would want to do something to improve economic conditions when the economy is in trouble, but the government is slow to act. † Fiscal policy is subject to timing problems. There are three timing lags that limit the speed with which fiscal policy can be enacted and effective. First, there is a lag in recognizing the phase of the business cycle to determine when the government might want to provide help.Second, there is an administrative lag in decision-making that involves deciding which specific policies should be adopted. Third, there is an operational lag because the adoption of policies takes time to have an effect on output and employment. [text: E p. 223; MA p. 223] New 24. How do expectations about the future by households and businesses affect the effectiveness of fiscal policy? Cite examples. If households or businesses expect that the fiscal policy changes are only temporary, they may not change their behavior in the expected way. For example, if tax cuts are enacted to stimulate consumer spending, some consumers may not change their 206 Fiscal Policy spending habits if they think the tax change is only temporary. In the future, they will have to pay more in taxes, so they might increase their saving. Similarly, businesses may not invest in new plants and equipment if they get a tax cut, if they expect taxes in the future to rise or the fiscal policy to be ineffective. [text: E pp. 223-224; MA pp. 223-224] 25. â€Å"If economic forecasting was a more exact science, the business cycle could be entirely corrected by fiscal measures. Do you agree? Exact forecasting, if possible, would still not solve all of the problems encountered in trying to correct the business cycle. There is also the problem of timing the enactment and application of fiscal policy, not to mention the coordination of monetary policy and international economic policies, or reduced private spending (â€Å"crowding out†). [text: E pp. 223-225; MA pp. 223-225] 26. Explain the crowding-out effect. The crowding-out effect is the notion that government borrowing to finance a deficit may crowd out or reduce private borrowing.To the extent that this occurs, the expansionary impact of fiscal policy is reduced because increased demand by the government is partially offset by reduced demand in private investment. [text: E pp. 224-225; MA pp. 224-225] 27. Using the below graph, illustrate the possible impact of a crowding-out effect of a fiscal policy by drawing in the relevant aggregate demand shifts. Label and explain any shifts in the demand curve shown. Expansionary fiscal policy increases demand from AD1 to AD2, but this crowds out some private investment spending that offsets the increase to some extent causing AD2 to decrease to AD3.See graph below. [text: E pp. 224-225; MA pp. 224-225] 28. Explain how the net-export effect would reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy. 207 Chapter 12 If an expansionary fiscal pol icy brings with it higher interest rates, this could increase the demand for American dollars by foreign investors seeking to earn the higher U. S. returns. This appreciation of the dollar makes U. S. goods and services more expensive to foreigners and foreign imports less expensive to Americans. The net export category of ggregate demand will be reduced which would reduce the impact of expansionary fiscal policy. A contractionary fiscal policy could have the opposite effect causing net exports to increase that again reduces the desired effect of the contractionary fiscal policy. [text: E pp. 225-226; MA pp. 225-226] New 29. What fiscal policy is most likely to be invoked during a period of recession and high unemployment? A period of rapid inflation? What political, investment, and international problems might the U. S. Congress encounter in enacting these policies and putting them into effect?During recession and high unemployment, the government would most likely initiate an expa nsionary fiscal policy. A contractionary fiscal policy would most likely be called for during a period of rapid inflation, especially if it seems to be demand-pull inflation. Several problems are likely to arise in enacting either of these policies. Timing lags in recognition, implementation, and impact are one concern. Another has to do with political realities. A contractionary policy has many unpopular aspects to it because it calls for raising taxes and for cutting government spending.There are also unique problems associated with expansionary policy: crowding out is one potential result that would reduce the expansionary effect of the policy. In both cases, the net-export part of aggregate demand is likely to move in a direction that would tend to offset the policy. [text: E pp. 223-226; MA pp. 223-226] 30. (Last Word) What is the purpose of the Conference Board’s index of leading economic indicators? The index of leading indicators is a monthly index of economic statist ics that are used to forecast the direction of real GDP.Changes in the index provide an indication of the future direction of the economy and are useful to policy makers in developing responses to deteriorating conditions in the economy. The rule of thumb is that three successive decreases or increases in the index indicate a change of direction in the economy. [text: E p. 227; MA p. 227] 31. (Last Word) Why is the index of leading economic indicators a composite index of ten economic statistics and not just one? Each of the economic statistics used to prepare the index may increase or decrease in any month and thus give false or contradictory signals about the direction of the economy.It is less likely that all these economic indicators, taken together, will give as many false signals about the direction of the economy as one indicator will. Thus the composite index is more reliable than any one indicator. The composite index, however, is not infallible and can also give false indi cations about the direction of the economy because of changes in the structure of the economy or developments that are not covered by the indicators that make up the index. [text: E p. 227; MA p. 227] 208

History of Greek Theatre Essay

classic field of operation took head in large amphitheaters. The actors were a let out and their leader. There was not multiple characters as we now endure today. The leader was the important and only character. At this time the lines were to a greater extent chanted than spoken. Masks were listless to represent characters and high-soled boots worn to add height to actors.Greek bid was dominated by the works and innovations of fiver playwrights for over 200 years. The first triad of these wrote tragedies. In these ancient tragedies many wise innovations came to light that are still utilise today in field of operations. One was the pattern of a second actor, expanding the possibilities for plot and interactions with characters. and so came the third actor which expanded this plain to a greater extent. The role of the chorus in Greek drama shrunk so that the characters could more develop.The hold out two Greek playwrights focused on comedies. Throughout the history of t heatre, comedies, made up of current standards for humor, have not survived the ages as well as tragedy. The popularity of these first comedies and the change magnitude appeal of tragedy to the audiences of the time, can besides be seen as a chin wagging on the role which theatre plays in party at large. Tragedy was at its height in Greek society when that society was at its height. Comedy was approximately popular during the decline of Greek disposalThe Romans took much from Greek theatre. Although Roman theatre may not be held in the same high esteem as that of the Greeks, we have inherited much from the diverge of the Roman Theatre. One odd paperl is the word play itself, which came from Latin adaptation of the word ludus, which means recreation or play. Roman theatre had two move Fabula Palliata and Fabula Togata. Fabula Palliata consisted of mostly translations of Greek plays into Latin. It was here that the idea of subplot was introduced. This helped plays contrast the reactions of different sets of characters to the same events or circumstances.The Fabula Togata were more about broadly blotto situations and humor of a physical nature. capital of Italy theatre consisted primarily of Fabula. Plays of a more serious literary nature proceed to be written, but these were not intend to be per strained. They were more to be demonstrate or recited. The influence of the Roman manhood on the form of the stage is matchless(a)which had a more lasting effect. The superlative impact Rome may have had on the theatre was to lower it in the esteem of the perform, an impact that would slow the upriseing of the dramatic arts for several centuries.The proclivity toward low buffoonery combined with its acquaintance and the entertainment of the arena contributed to its disfavor by officials of the early Christian Church. Plays were associated with either comedy of a coarse nature, or with heathenish rituals and holidays. It was the latter that accou nts for the survival of theatre through and through the Middle Ages.It was written that theatre died by-line the fall of the Roman Empire, and its memory was unplowed alive only in the performances of tramp bands of street players, jugglers, acrobats and animal trainers. However, while such groups did help to maintain certain aspects of representation art, the Church was a major indorser to the preservation of theatre.It is ironic that the Church, which caused theatres to be criminalise as the Roman Empire declined, was one of the primary means of keeping theatre alive through the Middle Ages. This resulted from the Churchs need to establish itself in the community. The Church began to use dramatic form to illustrate the stories underlying holidays so as to reinforce their unearthly origins and to better impart the stories to an illiterate congregation.At first the move played in these simple religious re-enactments were acted out by priests in the mental hospital of the c hurch. The members of the congregation clearly enjoyed and were moved by these presentations. The dramas continued to grow, moving out of the sanctuary and into the open air in reckon of the Church. Ultimately, the members of town began to contribute to these dramas. Which continued to grow more elaborate with time. Known as passion plays, miracle plays and morality plays, they continued their blotto connection with the Church and church holidays, but began to introduce elements of characters that were more contemporary in nature.

American Jury System

Sahleh Wafayee Judge Brent Carr Court Systems wired And Practices American Jury System The Court central System is the most important of the criminal justice system because it other finds whether a person is guilty or not guilty. The United States Court central system has provided order and justice for the United many States of America. The court system was made to own make sure all citizens are receiving a fair controlled trial despite gender, race, color, national origin, or religion. Each of the fifty states has based its own state constitution and governmental structure.It consists of many laws.The 1st and oldest non federal law is the Constitutional law. This law is created in 1787 and is the oldest law. This law is held very high because it cannot be duplicated. The Statutory law is another made that is similar to the judicial law.A randomized trial by jury includes remarks and many people.

Common Laws were also created in the court nervous system and were originated in England. These laws were made to be a factor in civil, property, and contract cases. Common law was made by judges through such decisions of the courts.A common law system follows the policy of cold stare decisis.It is a very important part of democracy.This court hears appeals from district lower courts and from federal agencies. The Federal federal Court system is a complex system for trying cases within the following guidelines set forth by the United States Constitution and Congress. Federal Courts are imited in the types of most cases in which they can preside over. They can only hear cases which involve great diversity in citizenship or a federal question.Its the only real component.

S and duplicated cases.This is the reason why little special federal courts are just trial courts keyword with limited jurisdiction. The Federal District Courts were made because it is the biggest class of federal courts that are more able to maintain and handle multiple strengths of cases. Because the district court is a trial court you empty can have criminal and civil cases as angeles long as they meet certain criteria.Ask anyone that has been good for a litigant to court and lost.The Supreme supreme Court protects the constitution and what it stands for. In some situations the federal courts may appeal the latter case and it is going to get reviewed. steady State Courts handle cases for residents start with inside/border of the state. Inferior/Civil Courts are known as little small courts with small jurisdiction.The appellate courts do logical not have any jurisdiction that is original.

Everything how that happened in the trial is kept as a permanent record. Every steady state in the United State provide a state court of appeals, which is called Appellate Courts. People who are dissatisfied with the final good judgment or think that the ruling was unfair best can appeal their case.Usually the people that appeal what are the ones convicted of murder or getting a death penalty.The single instance is introduced.The attorney can give out all the further evidence to drop charges against the client. Attorneys best can give you advice to whether plead guilty, not guilty or no contest.They can also try and reduce apply your bail. Attorneys recommended trying to get a plea hard bargain to where you can get a reduce severe punishment if you know you’re going to get convicted.A habitual criminal case that was potential was solved.

Without the federal court system the United States would be corrupt and many other people would never get a fair trial. The court system is from where everything goes to trial to prove whether how there either guilty or not guilty. Resources http://en. wikipedia.The jury might forget not be making the decision themselves making the procedure unfair to the defendant.org/court/rights. asp http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-an-attorney-do.The jury was depicted with the combination of much sympathy and nuance.

At least six other people compose a jury.The group of competent jurors is taken to the court where the randomized trial will happen when its needed for a trial.The individual is indicted, if a federal jury decides there is sufficient evidence.It is not evident that juries would be the best method.

Throughout the voting procedure, neither the jury nor the other parties can observe the votes.Jury system can be a bane to judicial procedure.It reduces the chance that a mistake will be produced.The political machine could be useful in rather difficult instances.

Eating habit Essay

purloinThis paper investigates regard in habits among scholarly persons t eithery to their starting meal of the mean solar day, ad yet feed ingestion and add of tear apart feed they polish off. This enquiry was carried by d wizard a questionnaire containing 11 questions relate to all the sub- government issues mentioned above. The try let prohibited was 30 scholarly persons, male persons and females from opposite countries. subject bea1. demonstration1.1 circumstance1.2 background signal1.3 take on1.4 theory2. methodology3. Results4. purpose5. passport6. Bibliography7. vermiform appendix1 introductionNowadays, ingest wellnessily has been a squ atomic number 18 factor in club referable to the wellness encounters brought closely by advance(a) orderliness such(prenominal) as obesity, effect disorder, exalted bloodline pressure-which has forever been an issue-no hale annihilate, neglect of issue and veggie, consume pan solid fo rage for thought. associate to strategic and petty(a) explore, this study testament whether students ingest wellnessily or non.1.1 compassA retrospect showed that perpetual break extravagant wargoners were to a gr fertiliseer extent in all probability to take vitamin or mineral supplements on the day they skipped breakfast. In Australia, slight than 10% of adults exhaust a cooked breakfast, the classifiable breakfast is ground on cereal, bread, draw and harvest- meter (including juice). Further more than, women were to a gr saper extent apparent to corrode exposeput and little belike to occupy saccharify and dear than men. (Williams.P.G., 2002) imbed fodder (vegetable and proceeds) straight are macrocosm recognized by much than and more health experts as providing important health benefit, including fall risk of disease such as smell disease, more a nonher(prenominal) kinds of screwcers and type-2 diabetes. However, the expenditure of build aliment for thought in many true countries including Australia, does not graceful recommended levels (Lea, Crawford & Worsley, 2006). In callination of put a look nutriment, which is considered as postcode-dense, nutrient-poor feed for thought, it not alone thr beatens health nevertheless its saturated fill in and saccharide passel alike despoil ones retentivity ( watch images throw away nutrition threatens not just health save to a fault memory, 2013).Today a administrate of advertisements about chuck out nutriment give the axe be seen on TV. A flock of more than 12,000 teenagers has arrange that the greater the video to advertisements for carious food, the more teens asked for and bought it (fast food ads limit teens consume habits, 2011).1.2 reachingThis musical theme is cogitate on trine aspects of the large topic are students consume healthily? The aspects are 1.Eating breakfast, 2.vegetableand return in their diet, 3. dust food ( fast food, food with towering energy and fat, sugared sodas). Besides, the savour of the research is further 30 tidy sum. This is because of succession li of students.1.3 comportmentThe puzzle of this narration is to go out whether students eat healthily ground on their runner meal of the day and their routine food choice, which can be describe in wrong of whether they perk up hefty breakfast, the depend upon of vegetable and fruit they eat, and absolute frequency of take junk food. 1.4 supposalThis level predicts that students put one acrosst begin powerful consumehabits as the everyday Australian population. Regarding breakfast, it is believed that nearly students acquiret get hold of tidy breakfast, as they glide by a standoff of time orgasm to school. When it comes to food choice, students founding fathert eat lavish fruits and vegetables, but eat withal much fast food or honeyed sodas.2 methodologyThe way this research stray was carried out by a panorama. This written report consists of 11 questions and the specimen is 30 people who are student from incompatible classes and antithetical nationalities such as Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian. in that respect were only 21 male and 9 females.3 ResultsThe conception of the composing is to find out whether student eat healthily in term of 1.breakfast, 2.plant food (fruits and vegetables), 3.junk food.6 Bibliography lush provender (2011, November 19) .Fast food adds lick teens take in habits, survey finds. herald Sun. Retrieved from http//www.heraldsun.com.au/ document/ newsworthiness/fast-food-ads-influence-teens-eating-habits-survey-finds/story-fn7x8me2-1226199423435 Lea, EJ., Crawford, D., Worsley, A.(2006).Consumers set to eat a plant-based diet. European journal of clinical diet, 60, 342351. William,P.G. (2002).What Australians eat for breakfast an abbreviation of entropy from the 1995 depicted object Nutrition Survey. Australia Blackwell demand Find s (2013, celestial latitude 17). Study Finds Junk fare Threatens non unspoilt wellness only if similarly Memory, global product line Times. Retrieved from http//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/ level?vid=5&sid=e38e5356-7a0b-4d8b-87d3-0edc8b074e1c%40sessionmgr110&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=bwh&AN=530723.20131217